In today's digital world, protecting information systems is more critical than ever. Whether you are using a personal computer or managing an entire company network, technology is at the heart of nearly everything we do. However, with this reliance on technology comes the growing threat of cyberattacks, especially computer viruses and phishing scams. Understanding how these threats work and how to defend against them is essential for staying safe online.
What
Are Computer Viruses?
A computer
virus is malicious software (or "malware") that spreads from one
device to another, often disrupting or damaging systems. According to CompTIA
(2024), viruses come in many forms and serve various purposes, from simple
vandalism and financial theft to attacks on critical infrastructure. These
viruses often spread through infected files, software downloads, or email
attachments.
Once
inside a system, a virus can delete files, steal personal data, or altogether
disable a computer. One infamous example is the “ILOVEYOU” virus, which caused
billions of dollars in damages by using email vulnerabilities (Joshi &
Patel, 2012).
Viruses
have become more sophisticated in recent years. Modern threats can avoid
detection, exploit cloud platforms, and use remote access tools (Bhardwaj &
Patel, 2023). Symptoms of a virus infection may include slow computer
performance, frequent pop-ups, missing files, or software that refuses to
start.
How to
Protect Against Viruses
Defending
against viruses begins with installing reliable antivirus software. These
programs scan your system for malicious activity and remove harmful files
before they can do damage (Arinze et al., 2024, p.12). It is also essential to
keep your operating system and all the software up to date to prevent attackers
from exploiting outdated security flaws. Finally, safe online habits like
avoiding suspicious links or downloads can significantly reduce risk.
What Is
Phishing?
Phishing
is another common cyber threat that relies on tricking people rather than
exploiting software. These attacks usually involve fake emails or text messages
designed to look like they come from legitimate sources, such as banks or
trusted companies. The goal is to trick the user into clicking a malicious link
or entering sensitive information like passwords or credit card numbers.
According
to Hoxhunt (2024), phishing attacks are becoming increasingly realistic and
personalized, using specific details to build trust and mislead users.
How to
Prevent Phishing Attacks
The most
effective defense against phishing is user awareness. People should be trained
to recognize warning signs, such as unfamiliar links, poor grammar, or requests
for personal information. Another powerful tool is multi-factor authentication
(MFA), which requires users to verify their identity in multiple ways before
logging in. Even if a hacker obtains your password, MFA can prevent
unauthorized access.
Final
Thoughts
Viruses
and phishing are the most common and dangerous cyber threats today. They target
the systems we rely on and the people who use them. By understanding these
threats and taking proactive steps such as installing antivirus software,
updating regularly, educating users, and enabling MFA, we can create a stronger
defense against cybercrime.
Cybersecurity
does not have to be complicated. With the proper training, knowledge, and
tools, anyone can take steps to stay safe online.
References
Arinze, E., & Agwu, C. (2024). Advancements in computer virus protection: From
Origins to Future Trends. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385892274_Advancements_in_Computer_Virus_Protection_From_Origins_to_Future_Trends
CompTIA (2024). CertMaster Learn Tech+ (sec. 4.2.4). Computing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA). https://labsimapp.testout.com/
Hoxhunt. (2024). Phishing trends report: (Updated for 2025).
Joshi, M., & Patel, B. (2012). Computer virus: Their Problems & Major at-tacks in Real
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